??????: ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????

???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????: ?????????????? ?????? “?????-?????” ?? ?????. ??? ???????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ??????, ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? SpaceX ? Virgin Galactic , ??? ? ??????, ?????? ??? Astra.

?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????-??????, ? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????.

?????????????? ??????????? ???????????

????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? SpaceX . ????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? Starship ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ? 2017 ????, ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? hyperloop.

????????????? ??????????????, ??? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ? ??????????? ??????? Starship ? ?????? Super Heavy. ? 2019 ???? ???? ???????, ??? ? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? Starship ??? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? 10 000 ??????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????? Starship ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? Raptor .

???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????, ??????? Starship ???????? ?????????, ????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?  ???????????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? “?????-?????” ???????? ??? ? 2022 ???? .

??????? ????? - ??? ??????? ?? ????

??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? Starship Mars, ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ? ???, ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????? Starship ????????? -????????????.

???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????????????? – ?????? ???? ????????? Starship.

“?arbon neutral” — ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????, ????? ??????????????.

SpaceX Crew Dragon, ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ? SpaceShipTwo ???????? Virgin Galactic, ???????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? 80 ??????????, ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? SpaceShipTwo, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????.

?????? “??? ? ???????” ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? “????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????”

???? Virgin Galactic ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? “SpaceShipThree”, ?????? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????, ??? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? SpaceShipOne ? SpaceShipTwo. SpaceShipThree ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????, ????????????? ????????? Virgin Galactic ? Scaled Composites.

??????? ????? - ??? ??????? ?? ????

Scaled Composites ??? ?????????????? SpaceShipOne, ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????, ??????? ??????? Ansari X Prize, ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ? 2004 ????. Scaled Composites ????? ???????? ?????? SpaceShipTwo, VSS Enterprise, ? ????? ????????? WhiteKnightTwo.

Scaled Composites ? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? Northrop Grumman , ? ???????? Spaceship Company ? ????????? ????? ?????????? SpaceShipTwo ??? Virgin Galactic.

???? ???????? SpaceShipThree ? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????, Virgin Galactic ??? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? “?????-?????”. ??????? ???????? ????????? SpaceShipTwo, ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ? 2019 ????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????.

??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????.

???????? Astra

?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????: ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????.

Rocket 3.2 ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? Astra. ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? Rocket 3.3 ? 2021 ????.

??? ?????????????? ????????? Astra ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? Rocket 3 ??? ????????? Rocket 5. ?????? ??????? Rocket 5 ????? ????????? Rocket 3. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????. ??????? ??????? Rocket 5 ????? ??? ? ?? Rocket 3. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? 2022 ????.

????????????? ???????????

?????????, ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????.

????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? Boom Supersonic, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? XB-1 ? ?????? 2020 ????. XB-1 ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? Overture. ?????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? 2021 ???? ? ??????, ???? ??????????. XB-1 ??????? ????? ??????????? General Electric J85-15 ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????-????????????? ??????? NASA T-38 Talon ? ???????? ? ???????? ???????-???????? WhiteKnightOne, ??????????? SpaceShipOne ? ???????. ???????????, ??? ?????????? Overture ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? 2025 ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????????? ? 2029 ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? 88 ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? 7870 ??????????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????????????? Rolls-Royce. ???????????, ??? ??? ????????? ????????? XB-1, ??? ? ?????????? Overture ????? ?????????-????????????.

????????? ?????? ?? Overture ??? ?? Japan Airlines, ??? ? ?? Virgin Group. 

???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????, Virgin Galactic ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????.Virgin Galactic ? ??????? 2020 ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ? Rolls-Royce ? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? 3 ????. ???????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? 19 ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ????? – Aerion Supersonic, ??????????????? ???? AS2 Supersonic Business Jet. ???????? Aerion ??????? ??????? ????? ????-???????? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????, ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ? Patrick Air Force Base.

??????? AS2 ?????????? ? ?????????????? ? ?????????? Boeing  ? General Electric ? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? 10 ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? 1,4 ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ? ????? ? ???????? 1,2 ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? (sonic booms), ???, ???? ???????????, ??????????. ??-?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? Aérospatiale ? Concorde ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????.

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????, ?????????????Lockheed Martin Skunk Works ????????????? X-59 QueSST (Quiet Supersonic Technology) ??? ???????????????? ????????? Low-Boom NASA. X-59 ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????????????? ?????? Lockheed Martin ? ?????????? General Electric F414, ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet, ????????????? ?? 2021 ???, ? ????? ???????? ? ???? ? 2022 ????.

Low-Boom ????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????? X-59 ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? 2023 ???? ? ?????????? ? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ???? F/A-18.

???????? ????? – ?? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ? ????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ???????? ? ???????? Starship. SpaceX ????????? ?????? ??? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????.

??????? ????? - ??? ??????? ?? ????

??????? ??????? Starship ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? Super Heavy ??? ????????? Starship Raptor ?? ????? ??????, ????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????.

??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????- ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????????, ? ????? ??? SpaceShipThree, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo, ????? VSS Unity ???????? ?? ???????-?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????.

?????? ??????, ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????. ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????, ????????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????. ????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????.

????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ??????????, ? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????. ??????, ??? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? , ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????, ????? ??? Blue Origin “New Shepard” ??? SpaceShipTwo ???????? Virgin Galactic . ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? Crew Dragon ? Starship ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????.

?????? ? ?????? Starship, ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????????, ??? ? ? ???????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? .

????? ????????? (Filipok)

?? ?????????? NSF (Thomas Burghardt)